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Diplomatic-Pragmatic Korea and Northeast Asia The de-escalation of tensions among Japan and South Korea in 2020 has refocused the attention on economic cooperation. Even when the dispute over travel restrictions was rebuffed and bilateral economic initiatives were continued or expanded. Brown (2013) was the first to document the resistance of pragmatics among L2 Korean learners. His research revealed that a number of factors like identity and personal beliefs can affect a student's practical choices. The role of pragmatism is South Korea's foreign policies In the midst of flux and changes, South Korea's Foreign Policy must be bold and clear. It should be able to stand up for the principle of equality and promote global public goods such as sustainable development, climate change and maritime security. It should also have the ability to project its global influence by delivering tangible benefits. It must, however, be able to do this without jeopardizing the stability of its own economy. This is a difficult task. South Korea's foreign policies are restricted by domestic politics. It is important that the leadership of the country is able to manage these domestic constraints to promote public confidence in the direction and accountability for foreign policies. This isn't an easy task, as the underlying structures that support foreign policy development are complicated and diverse. This article examines how to handle these domestic constraints to project a coherent foreign policy. The current government's emphasis on cooperation that is pragmatic with similar partners and allies will likely be a positive thing for South Korea. This approach can help counter the progressive attacks on GPS values-based principles and allow Seoul to be able to engage with nondemocracies. It could also help strengthen its relationship with the United States, which remains an indispensable partner in advancing the liberal democratic world order. Another challenge facing Seoul is to retool its complicated relationship with China as the country's biggest trading partner. While the Yoon administration has made strides in establishing multilateral security architectures such as the Quad however, it must balance these commitments with the need to maintain relations with Beijing. Long-time observers of Korean politics point to ideology and regionalism as the primary drivers of the political debate, younger people appear less attached to this outlook. This new generation is more diverse, and its outlook and values are evolving. This is reflected in the recent rise of K-pop and the rising global appeal of its cultural exports. It's too early to know if these factors will affect the future of South Korea's foreign policy. They are worth watching. South Korea's diplomatic-pragmatic approach to North Korea South Korea must strike a delicate balance to shield itself from rogue states while avoiding getting drawn into power struggles with its larger neighbors. It also needs to think about the trade-offs that are made between interests and values, particularly when it comes to supporting nondemocratic countries and engaging with human rights defenders. In this regard the Yoon administration's pragmatic and diplomatic approach to North Korea is a significant contrast to previous administrations. As one of the most active pivotal countries in the world, South Korea needs to participate in multilateral engagements as a means of positioning its self within global and regional security networks. In the first two years of its office the Yoon administration has actively bolstered bilateral ties with democratic allies and stepped up participation in minilateral and multilateral forums. These initiatives include the first Korea-Pacific Islands Summit as well as the second Asia-Pacific Summit for Democracy. These initiatives may seem like small steps, but they have enabled Seoul to build new partnerships to advance its views regarding regional and global issues. For instance the 2023 Summit for Democracy emphasized the importance of democratic practice and reform to address issues such as corruption, digital transformation, and transparency. The summit also announced the implementation of $100 million worth of development cooperation projects for democracy, including e-governance and anti-corruption measures. The Yoon government has also actively engaged with countries and organisations with similar values and has prioritized its vision of an international network of security. These countries and organizations include the United States, Japan, China and the European Union, ASEAN members and Pacific Island nations. Progressives may have criticized these activities for being lacking in values and pragmatism, but they can assist South Korea develop a more robust toolkit to deal with countries that are in a state of rogue, like North Korea. However, GPS' Home on values could put Seoul in a precarious position when confronted with trade-offs between values and interests. For instance the government's sensitivity towards human rights activists and its refusal to deport North Korean refugees who have been accused of criminal activity may lead it to prioritize policies that are not democratic in the home. This is especially true when the government faces similar circumstances to Kwon Pyong, a Chinese activist who sought asylum in South Korea. South Korea's trilateral cooperation with Japan In the midst of increasing global uncertainty and a shaky global economy, trilateral collaboration between South Korea, Japan, and China is an optimistic signpost for Northeast Asia. The three countries have an interest in security that is shared with the nuclear threat from North Korea, but they also share a strong economic concern about developing safe and secure supply chain and expanding trade opportunities. The three countries' resumption in their annual summit at the highest level every year is a clear indication that they want to promote greater economic integration and cooperation. The future of their relationship However, their relationship will be tested by several factors. The question of how to deal with the issue of human right violations committed by the Japanese or Korean militaries in their respective colonies is most urgent. The three leaders agreed to work together to resolve these issues and develop a common procedure for preventing and reprimanding human rights abuses. Another major issue is how to find a balance between the competing interests in East Asia, especially when it comes to ensuring international stability and addressing China's growing influence in the region. In the past, trilateral security cooperation was often impeded by disputes relating to historical and territorial issues. These disputes persist despite recent signs of pragmatic stabilization. The meeting was briefly overshadowed by, for example, North Korea's announcement that it would launch a satellite at the summit, as well as Japan's decision, received with protests from Beijing to extend its military exercises with South Korea and the U.S. It is possible to revive the trilateral relationship in the current context however, it will require leadership and reciprocity of President Yoon and Premier Kishida. If they do not then the current trilateral cooperation may only provide a temporary respite in a rocky future. If the current trend continues, in the long run the three countries could be at odds with each other due to their shared security interests. In such a scenario the only way for the trilateral relationship to endure will be if each country is able to overcome its own domestic challenges to peace and prosperity. South Korea's trilateral partnership with China China The Ninth China, Japan, and Korea Trilateral Summit concluded this week with the leaders of South Korea and Japan signing several tangible and significant outcomes. The Summit's outcomes include a joint Declaration and a Statement on Future Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response and an agreement on Trilateral Intellectual property Cooperation. These documents are notable for setting out ambitious goals which, in some cases may be in contradiction to Seoul and Tokyo's cooperation with the United States. The goal is to strengthen a framework for multilateral cooperation that will benefit all three countries. The projects would include the use of low-carbon technologies, innovative solutions to help an aging population as well as joint responses to global issues such as climate changes, food security, and epidemics. It would also focus on enhancing people-to-people interactions and the establishment of a trilateral innovation cooperation center. These efforts could aid in ensuring stability in the region. South Korea must maintain a positive relationship with China and Japan. This is particularly crucial when it comes to regional issues, such as North Korean provocations, tensions in the Taiwan Strait and Sino-American rivalry. A deteriorating relationship with one of these countries could result in instability in another which could negatively impact trilateral collaboration with both. However, it is important that the Korean government makes an explicit distinction between trilateral cooperation and bilateral relations with one of these countries. A clear separation will help minimize the negative impact that a strained relationship between China and Japan can have on trilateral relations. China is largely seeking to build support in Seoul and Tokyo against any possible protectionist policies that could be implemented by the next U.S. administration. China's emphasis on economic cooperation, particularly through the revival of talks on a China-Japan Korea FTA and an agreement on trade in the services market reflect this intention. Furthermore, Beijing is likely hoping to prevent security cooperation with the United States from undermining the importance of its trilateral military and economic ties with these East Asian allies. This is a tactical move to counter the growing threat of U.S. protectionism and establish an avenue to counter it with other powers.